Thus.

Bang!

They shattered.

You felt the orange seeds, juice, and peel.

And thus.

You realized that an orange is like this, containing seeds, juice, and peel.

This is, in fact, the nature of the collider.

In the microscopic realm, the orange juice transforms into various charged or uncharged particles.

If you want to separate them, you have to exert a certain amount of energy — the force of two large bags of oranges colliding.

So, at different scales, how much energy is required to separate the components of matter?

The force between molecules is minimal, averaging below 0.1 eV—eV stands for electron volt, referring to the energy change caused by an electron charge passing through one volt of voltage.

This is a very small unit, roughly equivalent to a slight prick on the human body.

Chemical bonds require a bit more energy.

Between 0.1-10 eV.

Inner electrons are around several to tens of KeV, while nucleons are above MeV.

The deepest levels currently are quarks, with energy levels between quarks reaching tens of GeVs.

According to Brother Lv's worksheet calculation, this energy level is approximately equal to Pikachu generating electricity from the time Wu Zetian ascended the throne until now.....

So what are Zhao Zhengguo and his team observing?

Similarly, let's take orange juice as an example.

After the collision of two oranges, the splatter area and image of the orange juice are unpredictable, completely random.

Some orange juice splatters in a good spot, some in a less favorable one, and some can't be observed at all.

Therefore, observing a new particle is quite challenging; you need to search each spot with a magnifying glass, and it's all about luck.

But if you know in advance its trajectory, it's a different matter altogether.

For example, if we know a drop of orange juice will splatter onto the ground 37 degrees southeast of the collision point, seven meters away, where there's a lot of sewage and silt, making the splattered juice unobservable.

But having prior knowledge of its trajectory, we can place a clean sampling board there in advance.

Then step away from the scene, find a chair, sit quietly, and wait for it to come right to you.

Now, with the Λ hyperon's information and a formula model, deducing the "landing point" becomes quite simple.

It is well known.

The general solution of N and decay is not complicated.

For example, there is a decay chain A→B→C→D..., with decay constants of various nuclides corresponding to λ₁, λ₂, λ₃, λ₄....

Assuming only A exists at the initial time t₀, then it is obvious: N₁=N₁(0)exp(-λ₁t).

Subsequently, Xu Yun wrote down another equation:

dN₂/dt=λ₁N₁-λ₂N₂.

This is the differential equation for the change in the number of B atomic nuclei.

Solving it gives N₂=λ₁N₁(0)[exp(-λ₁t)-exp(-λ₂t)]/(λ₂-λ₁).

Then Xu Yun wrote while reciting:

"The differential equation for the change of C atomic nuclei is: dN₃/dt=λ₂N₂-λ₃N₃, or dN₃/dt+λ₃N₃=λ₂N₂..."

"Substituting the N₂ above, it becomes N₃=λ₁λ₂N₁(0)｛exp(-λ₁t)/[(λ₂-λ₁)(λ₃-λ₁)]+exp(-λ₂t)/[(λ₁-λ₂)(λ₃-λ₂)]+exp(-λ₃t)/[(λ₁-λ₃)(λ₂-λ₃)]｝....."

After writing these, he paused, performed a simple calculation check.

Once confirmed there were no issues, he continued writing:

"A parameter h can be defined such that h₁=λ₁λ₂/[(λ₂-λ₁)(λ₃-λ₁)], h₂=λ₁λ₂/[(λ₁-λ₂)(λ₃-λ₂)], h₃=λ₁λ₂/[(λ₁-λ₃)(λ₂-λ₃)]..."

"Then N₃ can be simplified as: N₃=N₁(0)[h₁exp(-λ₁t)+h₂exp(-λ₂t)+h₃exp(-λ₃t)]."

Having written this.

Xu Yun looked again at the screen, substituting the parameters of the Λ hyperon into it:

"N=N₁(0)[h₁exp(-λ₁t)+h₂exp(-λ₂t)+...hnexp(-λnt)], where the numerator of h is Πλi, i=1～n-1, that is, the numerator is λ₁λ₂λ₃λ₄....."

"The decay period for the Λ hyperon is 17, so the denominator of h₁ is the product of the differences between the previous decay constants leaving out the Λ hyperon's decay constant λ₁....."

Half an hour later.

The Aurora software displayed a set of values.

a a 0 1000:

1 904.8374

2 818.7308

3 740.8182

....

7 496.5853

8 449.329

.....

Xu Yun didn't pay attention to the numbers at the front, quickly scrolling down with the mouse.

Soon, he locked onto the eighteenth line:

18 165.2989.

With this set of numbers, the following problem became very simple.

Xu Yun input these numbers into the Aurora model, with the formula:

F(t):=N(t)/N(0)=e^(-t/π).

Here, ":=" is a definition symbol, meaning to define the right-hand side as the left-hand side.

Xu Yun now assigned a physical meaning to this F(t):

The probability of a certain atom still being alive (not decayed) at time t.

The formula N=N₁(0)[h₁exp(-λ₁t)+h₂exp(-λ₂t)+...hnexp(-λnt)] describes how many atoms remain at time t. What Xu Yun did is compare the remaining number of atoms to the initial total number of atoms, which naturally is the probability of finding the one Xu Yun wanted among the remaining ones.

Very simple, and very easy to understand.

The Aurora System is connected to the secondary server of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, using part of the computing power of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' supercomputer "Night Speech."

Thus, after just more than ten minutes.

The result appeared on the screen in front of him:

t=0, F=1.

Seeing this scene.

Xu Yun's pupils immediately narrowed slightly.

The meaning of this result is...

At the very beginning, on this orbit y(xn+1)−y(xn)/h≈f, there exists a particle.