MTL - The Science Fiction World of Xueba-Chapter 501 Biological killer

"Master, good morning. I haven't seen you for a long time. You are finally free to come to school!"

In the morning, Pang Xuelin had just arrived at the office, and Ai Ai jumped in.

Pang Xuelin laughed: "What's wrong, Goldbach guessed that there has been any progress?"

Speaking of Ge Guai, Ai Ai collapsed like a leaking ball.

"Master, where does this all follow! I am not Master, you can prove this kind of century problem by proving it."

Pang Xuelin rolled his eyes and said, "What's the matter with me?"

Ai Ai smiled and said: "Master, you see that a few of us have been studying with you for a year. The total time of meeting with you in this year is less than ten times. Whether it is studying or living, the rest of us We can only contact by e-mail, we also know that you are busy with work, there are too many things, and there is no way to allocate too much time to us. So I discussed it with Sophie, Hark, and Meng Yao. This weekend we Go to Qiandao Lake for a lap. Anyway, Qiandao Lake is also close to Jiangcheng. It is very convenient to drive around for a few hours. At that time, we rent a homestay by the lake, you can fish, barbecue, and canoe on the lake. What do you think kind?"

After talking, Ai Ai had bright eyes and looked at Pang Xuelin without blinking.

Pang Xuelin froze for a moment, and said with a smile: "Well, just as I am free this weekend, let's go to Qiandao Lake!"

"Long live the master!"

Ai Ai froze for a moment, and then jumped up.

She originally thought that Pang Xuelin would refuse, so she pretended to be pitiful and wanted to gain sympathy, but she did not expect Pang Xuelin to agree.

Pang Xuelin said with a smile: "Okay, how old are you? By the way, do you have anything else?"

"It's all right! Master, let's say yes, we will depart on Friday afternoon!"

"it is good!"

Pang Xuelin nodded.

Ai Ai jumped out of Pang Xuelin's office, Pang Xuelin shook his head with a smile.

The reason why he agreed in one fell swoop, on the one hand, he felt that Ai Ai was indeed right. Since he and his students have been studying for a Ph.D., they really did not take care of them.

On the other hand, Pang Xuelin also thought of his own team.

Whether it is Mochizuki Shinichi and Perelman, the Pang Xuelin Mathematics Research Center led by them, the Carbon-based Semiconductor Functional Materials Research Center led by Xu Xingguo, or the Carbon Nanomaterials Research Center led by Li Changqing, Shi Yi, the biomedical research center they are working on There is also the Lithium Air Battery Research Center led by Kirton Walker.

Pang Xuelin at the Math Center is not clear. Several other institutions, not to mention the weekend, are hard to get to and from get off work on weekdays. The work intensity can be called 007.

Of course, at the same time as high-intensity work, the salary is also top-notch.

Ordinary doctoral students follow the team to do projects, and they have a subsidy of 300,000 to 400,000 yuan a year. The salary of a doctoral tutor is only one or two million, and the bonus is not included.

Of course, for the researchers in the laboratory, what attracts them more is the purity of scientific research and the possible breakthrough results.

It is for this reason that Qiantang Laboratories can be recognized worldwide and become one of the world's top national laboratories in less than a year.

But Pang Xuelin also gradually realized that this kind of work intensity may not be a good thing in the long run.

Appropriate work-rest combination is still necessary.

After a moment of contemplation, Pang Xuelin picked up the phone on the desk and directly dialed Liu Tingbo.

"Principal Liu, are you at school? Can you come to my office?"

Liu Tingbo soon came over, Pang Xuelin and Liu Tingbo talked about their ideas, Liu Tingbo smiled suddenly: "Professor Pang, if you don't say this, I will arrange it here, just a new Ponzi geometry seminar The class is about to start, I will arrange for everyone to go on a trip, just to let all scholars know. "

Pang Xuelin said with a smile: "Okay, then you can arrange it. By the way, call the two guys Perelman and Mochizuki Shinichi. Once the two of them are studied, it will be endless, no matter what. They have to be pulled out. "

Liu Tingbo smiled bitterly: "Professor Pang, if there are others, I am still sure, these two great gods, you can go out and ask yourself."

Pang Xuelin froze for a moment, and smiled bitterly: "Okay, I'll tell them then. By the way, how are they doing here, Schultz and Tao Zhexuan, are they still used to it?"

Speaking of Schultz and Tao Zhexuan, Liu Tingbo suddenly smiled.

"Adapted, adapted very well. Professor Tao and Professor Schultz also actively asked to be teachers of our mathematics department. They give each undergraduate a class each week. Now every time students come to attend the class Crowded, there are students from other majors coming to rub the lesson! "

As the dean of the School of Mathematical Sciences of Jiangda University, Liu Tingbo of the teaching quality of the Mathematics Department will naturally also be attentive.

When Pang Xuelin brought the two gods Mochizuki Shinichi and Perelman over, Liu Tingbo also expected them to bring students.

Who would have thought that except for the two guys who occasionally went to the Ponzi geometry seminar to show their faces, the rest of the time has been busy with their own research, which made Liu Tingbo somewhat helpless and couldn't say much.

After all, the status of these two gods is too high, especially Perelman, after working with Pang Xuelin to prove the Hodge conjecture, the status in the mathematics industry today is no worse than that of Andrew Wiles and Pierre Deligne. , Liu Tingbo is not good for them to help bring students.

On the contrary, when Tao Zhexuan and Peter Schultz came over, it made Jiang Dashu College suddenly become lively.

Not only did they actively ask for graduate students, they even decided to teach undergraduates.

In this way, those students who could not grab the course of Pang Xuelin quickly focused on the two Philippine award-winning tycoons.

With the joining of these two bigwigs, and the quality of students at Jiangda University rising over the past two years, Liu Tingbo has discovered several outstanding seedlings who are expected to achieve success in the field of mathematics.

If we wait for these people to grow up, even if Pang Xuelin leaves Jiangda University, the position of Jiangda Mathematics Department in the global mathematics community will be stable.

Pang Xuelin and Liu Tingbo finished talking about arranging vacations for mathematics scholars and teachers, and it was almost noon.

After the two had finished their meals in the school cafeteria, Pang Xuelin went directly to the Qiantang laboratory and found Li Changqing, Cao Yuan, Shi Yi, Kirton Walker, and Xu Xingguo, and said they were going to arrange leave for everyone.

Li Changqing, Cao Yuan, Kirton Walker didn't matter.

After the superconducting 128 material is prepared in the laboratory, the difficulty of industrial preparation is not as high as they imagined.

After all, before having experience in industrial production of flying blade materials, the industrial production of superconducting 128 is essentially no different from flying blade materials.

They just need to draw a scoop according to the gourd.

Kirton Walker is now more successful. At the Electrochemical Research Center, his work is more about how to improve the lithium-air battery and adapt it to various environments.

As a result, his work is relatively easier and less stressful.

On the contrary, Xu Xingguo and Shi Yi showed their faces.

Xu Xingguo said: "Professor Pang, can you postpone the vacation schedule of our carbon-based semiconductor materials research institute? It is best to arrange it until the end of the year ... Or early next year, our current research node is more critical, and everyone's status is very good. Well, I do n’t want to interrupt this research state. "

Pang Xuelin froze for a moment, and said, "Professor Xu, I'm worried that everyone is too hard. I had a special investigation before, and the results were startling. Our researchers in the Qiantang laboratory spent more than average time in the laboratory every day. Fourteen hours, even on weekends, so that the body will be unable to eat. "

Xu Xingguo couldn't help laughing, and said: "Professor Pang, rest assured, now everyone is holding their strength. Last year we fought a trade war with Lao Mei. Lao Mei even threatened our semiconductor industry in order to get lithium-air batteries. A comprehensive blockade and supply cutoff. Although we finally agreed to build a lithium-air battery factory in the United States after negotiations between the two sides, Laomei also wished to lift the blockade of our technology, allowing us to buy the latest equipment. But we have been breathing Remember, as long as we open up the situation in the field of carbon-based chips, there will be few places where the United States can check and balance us in the future. Now that we have been able to complete the preparation of high-level laboratory-level carbon-based chips, our team cooperates with Warwick HiSilicon It is taking time to commercialize the development of carbon-based chips. Once successful, it will be enough to change the pattern of the global semiconductor industry. By then, the competitive landscape between China and the United States will be completely different. We ca n’t afford to be slack now. "

Pang Xuelin couldn't help crying and laughing, turning his eyes to Shi Yi Road: "Professor Shi, how about you?"

Shi Yi smiled slightly and said, "Professor Pang, we may not be able to walk away in a little while, and even if you drive everyone out of the laboratory, I am afraid that no one wants to leave. Now the people in the whole laboratory are going crazy ... … "

Pang Xuelin's eyes lit up: "Have you made dynamic APT technology out?"

Shi Yi smiled slightly and nodded: "Now testing is under way. The two guys Anderson White and Yang Heping have been in the laboratory for a week and are not willing to come out. There are also those who are involved in this project. Sleep in the laboratory every day. "

Pang Xuelin said with a smile: "That line, I will go to your laboratory to see later. If there is nothing else, everyone is gone, Professor Xu, if you have any difficulties, remember to communicate with me at any time."

Xu Xingguo laughed: "OK, then I will go back first."

Compared with other project teams in Qiantang Lab, Xu Xingguo's carbon-based chip project team is more commercialized. Once successful, it will have a greater influence on the industry.

But relative to the scientific community, the influence may not be that great.

After all, the various theories and concepts of carbon-based chips are not new, and it is difficult to win the Nobel Prize.

Instead, it is a dynamic APT project led by Shi Yi, which has greater influence.

Observing the world of microscopic matter has always been a dream of people. In addition to being driven by curiosity, it is more because the microstructure is often closely related to a certain property or function of matter.

For example, a bicycle is composed of only metal and rubber, but when metal and rubber are processed into certain shapes and assembled, they have the function of transportation.

Microscopic matter or various molecular machines also follow a similar rule, except that the basic materials that make up them are microscopic atoms. The structure formed by the arrangement of atoms in accordance with certain rules forms the basis of various functions.

Conversely, once you understand the structure of matter, it is possible for people to understand the mechanism by which a microscopic substance achieves a certain function, and then achieve the desired function by influencing, modifying, or even designing a new structure.

Many inventions or discoveries of functional materials are based on such methods.

Driven by this demand, people continue to invent various means to observe the structure of matter.

In the 17th century, the optical microscope invented by Levin Hook had enabled people to magnify objects dozens or hundreds of times, so that tiny cells could be observed.

With the development of optical technology, optical microscope technology has been able to help people observe the microscopic texture of materials on the micrometer scale or the organelles in cells.

However, this magnification is still far from the atomic level, which is not enough to explain the more essential relationship between structure and function, because most of the more essential factors are hidden in the finer atomic structure.

For an organism, its most important and core functional unit is the protein. The functions of organisms and various life activities are basically achieved through proteins.

Each protein is a long chain of single-molecule chains of amino acids, made up of 20 amino acids in different orders.

The further folding of this single molecular chain in three-dimensional space forms a different protein structure.

Proteins in organisms are like molecular machines, most of which have specific structures to achieve functions such as catalysis, movement, or signal transmission.

The three-dimensional structure of these proteins is usually very complex, and often changes with the surrounding environment. Many times, they are also precisely controlled by other protein molecular machines or various small molecules.

For example, the secretion system on the surface of cholera bacteria is usually composed of more than a dozen proteins, forming a pore in the inner and outer membranes of bacteria, and selectively secreting cholera toxins out of the cells to attack host cells.

Such a large protein machine is composed of dozens of different protein molecules and contains hundreds of thousands of atoms. Changes in a few atoms or an amino acid (mutation) may cause structural changes in the entire protein complex. In turn, its function changes or even loses its activity.

This shows the precision of this molecular machine.

However, how to see these precisely combined atoms has always been a challenge to microscopy.

The scale of atoms is on the order of tenths of nanometers, and the unit of measurement is angstroms.

The effective magnification or resolution of ordinary optical microscopes is limited by the diffraction limit of visible light waves, and can only reach a few micrometers at most.

To increase the resolution, the wavelength must be shortened to a size comparable to the atomic size.

If visible light is not available, one can only look for light waves with shorter wavelengths.

X-rays have the right wavelength, but it is difficult to find a lens that can refract and image the X-rays.

Therefore, people have to use indirect crystallographic diffraction methods in order to use X-rays to detect the atomic structure of matter.

But diffraction methods are limited to molecules that can form crystals.

For proteins or biological macromolecules, although a small part of them can be crystallized under special conditions and meet the requirements of X-ray diffraction methods, most of the larger molecules (such as molecules with a molecular weight greater than 100 kDa) are often difficult or impossible to form Crystal.

And the process of crystallization will make the biological macromolecule completely out of the physiological state, unable to reflect its true state in the organism. For larger complex structures such as cells or organelles, the crystallization method is even less feasible.

In order to find a wave with a shorter wavelength and easier to manipulate, people thought of electrons.

In the 1930s, the French physicist De Broglie proposed the theory of the wave-particle duality of matter, and believed that when the basic particles were accelerated to near the speed of light, their particle statistical behavior showed volatility.

As the most easily obtained and manipulated elementary particles, electrons can be used as "light waves" for microscopic imaging after being accelerated by an electric field to near the speed of light.

The precisely designed magnetic field with a specific shape can be used as a convex lens.

With the development of electron light source and electromagnetic lens technology, in the following one or two decades, people have been able to observe the atomic structure of metal or inorganic crystals with near atomic resolution using an electron microscope.

However, when people first observed a biological sample (cotton fiber) with an electron microscope, it was found that the biological sample was quickly destroyed by the bombardment of high-energy electron beams, not to mention the observation of fine atomic structures. .

At the same time, because of the strong interaction between electrons and matter, the light path of the electron microscope can only ensure that the electron beam can propagate long enough to be imaged without being absorbed by air during the propagation process.

The ensuing problem is the water content of the biological sample.

Water will evaporate quickly in a vacuum, and biological samples must always be kept in a water environment and cannot be dehydrated. To ensure that water does not evaporate in vacuum, the sample needs to be frozen.

However, once the water freezes, the ice crystals will destroy the biological sample.

At this point, a series of radiation damage and sample freezing problems have become the biggest obstacles to be overcome by bioelectron microscope technology.

These problems were not solved until the 1980s, which laid the foundation for cryo-electron microscopy.

The three Nobel Prize winners in 2017 were awarded for solving these technical problems.

The reasons for the three winners basically reflected the main development directions of cryo-electron microscope technology. Professor Jacques Dubochet realized the preparation technology of frozen biological samples. Professor Joak laid the foundation for the three-dimensional reconstruction calculation technology. Professor Riderson proved the atomic resolution Availability.

However, cryo-EM also has many shortcomings, such as the accuracy of the 3D reconstruction algorithm.

Even if the SEM image is successfully obtained, how to restore the two-dimensional structure into a fine three-dimensional structure is also a problem.

In addition, there are various problems such as signal resolution and image contrast. For example, the accuracy of the three-dimensional reconstruction of atomic resolution obtained by small and medium-sized biomolecules with a molecular weight of several hundred kilodaltons is far inferior to that of large molecules.

The emergence of dynamic APT technology can be said to directly advance molecular biology and structural biology to the level of atomic biology.

Due to its dynamic recording effect, it is even possible to record the movement of each atom in a biological macromolecule.

In this way, scientists are expected to completely expose the basic principles of life activities from the atomic level.

After the crowd dispersed, Pang Xuelin followed Shi Yi to the Qiantang Laboratory Biomedical Research Center.

Shi Yi once again introduced the general situation of dynamic APT equipment development to Pang Xuelin. UU reading books www.uukanshu.com

At present, the research and development of dynamic APT equipment has been completed, and various tests are currently underway.

Such as sample packaging, algorithm reduction, image analysis technology, etc.

The dynamic APT equipment is very large, and the overall structure is much rougher than what Pang Xuelin saw in the world of biohazard, but the basic functions are already complete.

The arrival of Pang Xuelin caused quite a stir.

Yang Heping and Anderson White also welcomed them warmly and introduced the achievement to Pang Xuelin.

Including those ordinary researchers, when they look at this device, they seem to be looking at their children one by one.

Pang Xuelin seemed quite shocked. This device is very new to others, but in his eyes, it is not as good as the dynamic APT device he used in the world of Resident Evil.

Of course, this world is enough to cause shock in the biological world.

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